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In an ever-increasing crescendo of staccato phrases, the poet/prophet paints a picture of unimaginable destruction. This is the day of the Lord. It strikes terror in the hearts of all (vv.7-9) as it comes upon the land.
The author then turns his attention to the heavens. This is especially appropriate in an oracle against Babylon, as this city was well known for its astrology and worship of the heavenly bodies. The stars will not be able to show their light (v.10).
As yet the particular enemy (Babylon) has not been specifically identified. God’s punishment will be for all evil, arrogance, and ruthlessness. God is so outraged that he extends his wrath into the cosmic realm (v.13). Vv.14-16 describe the chaos and the savagery that accompany an invading army.
The Medes (v.17) were a people of what is now central Iran. In 539 b.c. they and the Persians captured Babylon. Babylon, with its hanging gardens, one of the seven wonders of the world, was considered to be the most magnificent city of its time.