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In this second census of Levites, only physically qualified males were reckoned. This is made clear by the sevenfold statement that the census was limited to those falling within the age range of thirty to fifty (vv.3, 23, 30, 35, 39, 43, 47). The reason for this restriction was that these Levites would be involved in heavy, physical labor, i.e., dismantling, carrying, and reassembling the tent—hardly a job for an infant or elderly Levite.
Each of the subtribes of Levites had different responsibilities when it was time to break camp and move on. The Kohathites transported the most holy things (vv.4-18). The Gershonites were responsible for carrying the curtains (vv.21-28). The Merarites carried the framework of the tent—poles, ropes, crossbars, etc. (vv.29-33). A later reference informs us that the Gershonites and Merarites used wagons in expediting their responsibilities (7:6-8), while the Kohathites carried their assigned objects on their own shoulders (7:9).
Clearly the Kohathites had the weightiest assignment—the transportation of the most holy things (v.4). For this reason certain cautions were directed to them but not to their colleagues. First, even before the Kohathites were to commence their work, the priests entered and covered the sacred objects (vv.5-14). Second, if the Kohathites touched any of the sacred things (v.15b), or even looked at them (v.20), they would die.
Once again a solemn note is sounded. It was imperative that everybody in the camp know his ministry and limitations. A holy God will have it no other way. It was equally imperative that everybody respect the presence of the Divine Majesty.