19:25 I know that my Redeemer lives. The Hebrew word translated “Redeemer” can also be rendered “Avenger,” “Guarantor,” “Vindicator,” or “Kinsman-Redeemer” (Ruth 2:20 note). Job’s words are clear, but from his perspective, who does he expect to help him? The prologue reveals that God was not Job’s enemy. Indeed, God will become his vindicator (42:7). Job seems to be thinking of the Redeemer as a third party (16:19–21).

at the last he will stand upon the earth. In Job’s mind this Vindicator will be both heavenly (16:19) and earthly (able to stand on the earth).