Deuteronomy 4:34
New American Bible (Revised Edition)
34 Or did any god venture to go and take a nation for himself from the midst of another nation, by testings, by signs and wonders,(A) by war, with strong hand and outstretched arm, and by great terrors, all of which the Lord, your God, did for you in Egypt before your very eyes?
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Deuteronomy 4:34
New International Version
34 Has any god ever tried to take for himself one nation out of another nation,(A) by testings,(B) by signs(C) and wonders,(D) by war, by a mighty hand and an outstretched arm,(E) or by great and awesome deeds,(F) like all the things the Lord your God did for you in Egypt before your very eyes?
Exodus 4:21
New American Bible (Revised Edition)
21 The Lord said to Moses: On your return to Egypt, see that you perform before Pharaoh all the wonders I have put in your power. But I will harden his heart[a] and he will not let the people go.
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- 4:21 Harden his heart: in the biblical view, the heart, whose actual function in the circulation of blood was unknown, typically performs functions associated today more with the brain than with the emotions. Therefore, while it may be used in connection with various emotional states ranging from joy to sadness, it very commonly designates the seat of intellectual and volitional activities. For God to harden Pharaoh’s heart is to harden his resolve against the Israelites’ desire to leave. In the ancient world, actions which are out of character are routinely attributed not to the person but to some “outside” superhuman power acting upon the person (Jgs 14:16; 1 Sm 16:10). Uncharacteristically negative actions or states are explained in the same way (1 Sm 16:14). In this instance, the opposition of Pharaoh, in the face of God’s displays of power, would be unintelligible to the ancient Israelites unless he is seen as under some divine constraint. But this does not diminish Pharaoh’s own responsibility. In the anthropology of the ancient Israelites there is no opposition between individual responsibility and God’s sovereignty over all of creation. Cf. Rom 9:17–18.
Exodus 4:21
New International Version
21 The Lord said to Moses, “When you return to Egypt, see that you perform before Pharaoh all the wonders(A) I have given you the power to do. But I will harden his heart(B) so that he will not let the people go.(C)
Exodus 7:1
New American Bible (Revised Edition)
Chapter 7
1 The Lord answered Moses: See! I have made you a god to Pharaoh,(A) and Aaron your brother will be your prophet.[a]
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Exodus 7:1
New International Version
7 Then the Lord said to Moses, “See, I have made you like God(A) to Pharaoh, and your brother Aaron will be your prophet.(B)
Exodus 7:8-12
New American Bible (Revised Edition)
III. The Contest with Pharaoh
The Staff Turned into a Serpent. 8 The Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron: 9 When Pharaoh demands of you, “Produce a sign or wonder,” you will say to Aaron: “Take your staff and throw it down before Pharaoh, and it will turn into a serpent.”(A) 10 Then Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and did just as the Lord had commanded. Aaron threw his staff down before Pharaoh and his servants, and it turned into a serpent. 11 Pharaoh, in turn, summoned the wise men and the sorcerers, and they also, the magicians(B) of Egypt, did the same thing by their magic arts. 12 Each one threw down his staff, and they turned into serpents. But Aaron’s staff swallowed their staffs.
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Exodus 7:8-12
New International Version
Aaron’s Staff Becomes a Snake
8 The Lord said to Moses and Aaron, 9 “When Pharaoh says to you, ‘Perform a miracle,(A)’ then say to Aaron, ‘Take your staff and throw it down before Pharaoh,’ and it will become a snake.”(B)
10 So Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and did just as the Lord commanded. Aaron threw his staff down in front of Pharaoh and his officials, and it became a snake. 11 Pharaoh then summoned wise men and sorcerers,(C) and the Egyptian magicians(D) also did the same things by their secret arts:(E) 12 Each one threw down his staff and it became a snake. But Aaron’s staff swallowed up their staffs.
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