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Exodus 20:22-23:33
New American Bible (Revised Edition)

The Covenant Code. 22 [a]The Lord said to Moses: This is what you will say to the Israelites: You have seen for yourselves that I have spoken to you from heaven. 23 You shall not make alongside of me gods of silver, nor shall you make for yourselves gods of gold.(A) 24 An altar of earth make for me, and sacrifice upon it your burnt offerings and communion sacrifices, your sheep and your oxen.(B) In every place where I cause my name to be invoked[b] I will come to you and bless you. 25 But if you make an altar of stone for me,(C) do not build it of cut stone, for by putting a chisel to it you profane it. 26 You shall not ascend to my altar by steps, lest your nakedness be exposed.

Chapter 21

Laws Regarding Slaves. 1 These are the ordinances[c] you shall lay before them. 2 (D)When you purchase a Hebrew slave,[d] he is to serve you for six years, but in the seventh year he shall leave as a free person without any payment. 3 If he comes into service alone, he shall leave alone; if he comes with a wife, his wife shall leave with him. 4 But if his master gives him a wife and she bears him sons or daughters, the woman and her children belong to her master and the man shall leave alone. 5 If, however, the slave declares, ‘I love my master and my wife and children; I will not leave as a free person,’ 6 his master shall bring him to God[e] and there, at the door or doorpost, he shall pierce his ear with an awl, thus keeping him as his slave forever.

7 When a man sells his daughter as a slave, she shall not go free as male slaves do. 8 But if she displeases her master, who had designated her[f] for himself, he shall let her be redeemed. He has no right to sell her to a foreign people, since he has broken faith with her. 9 If he designates her for his son, he shall treat her according to the ordinance for daughters. 10 If he takes another wife, he shall not withhold her food, her clothing, or her conjugal rights. 11 If he does not do these three things for her, she may leave without cost, without any payment.

Personal Injury. 12 [g]Whoever strikes someone a mortal blow must be put to death.(E) 13 However, regarding the one who did not hunt another down, but God caused death to happen by his hand, I will set apart for you a place to which that one may flee. 14 But when someone kills a neighbor after maliciously scheming to do so, you must take him even from my altar and put him to death. 15 Whoever strikes father or mother shall be put to death.[h]

16 A kidnapper, whether he sells the person or the person is found in his possession, shall be put to death.(F)

17 Whoever curses[i] father or mother shall be put to death.(G)

18 When men quarrel and one strikes the other with a stone or with his fist, not mortally, but enough to put him in bed, 19 the one who struck the blow shall be acquitted, provided the other can get up and walk around with the help of his staff. Still, he must compensate him for his recovery time and make provision for his complete healing.

20 When someone strikes his male or female slave with a rod so that the slave dies under his hand, the act shall certainly be avenged. 21 If, however, the slave survives for a day or two, he is not to be punished, since the slave is his own property.

22 [j]When men have a fight and hurt a pregnant woman, so that she suffers a miscarriage, but no further injury, the guilty one shall be fined as much as the woman’s husband demands of him, and he shall pay in the presence of the judges. 23 (H)But if injury ensues, you shall give life for life, 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.

26 When someone strikes his male or female slave in the eye and destroys the use of the eye, he shall let the slave go free in compensation for the eye. 27 If he knocks out a tooth of his male or female slave, he shall let the slave go free in compensation for the tooth.

28 When an ox gores a man or a woman to death, the ox must be stoned; its meat may not be eaten. The owner of the ox, however, shall be free of blame. 29 But if an ox was previously in the habit of goring people and its owner, though warned, would not watch it; should it then kill a man or a woman, not only must the ox be stoned, but its owner also must be put to death. 30 If, however, a fine is imposed on him, he must pay in ransom[k] for his life whatever amount is imposed on him. 31 This ordinance applies if it is a boy or a girl that the ox gores. 32 But if it is a male or a female slave that it gores, he must pay the owner of the slave thirty shekels of silver, and the ox must be stoned.

Property Damage. 33 When someone uncovers or digs a cistern and does not cover it over again, should an ox or a donkey fall into it, 34 the owner of the cistern must make good by restoring the value of the animal to its owner, but the dead animal he may keep.

35 When one man’s ox hurts another’s ox and it dies, they shall sell the live ox and divide this money as well as the dead animal equally between them. 36 But if it was known that the ox was previously in the habit of goring and its owner would not watch it, he must make full restitution, an ox for an ox; but the dead animal he may keep.

37 When someone steals an ox or a sheep and slaughters or sells it, he shall restore five oxen for the one ox, and four sheep for the one sheep.(I)

Chapter 22

1 [If a thief is caught[l] in the act of housebreaking and beaten to death, there is no bloodguilt involved. 2 But if after sunrise he is thus beaten, there is bloodguilt.] He must make full restitution. If he has nothing, he shall be sold to pay for his theft. 3 If what he stole is found alive in his possession, be it an ox, a donkey or a sheep, he shall make twofold restitution.

4 When someone causes a field or a vineyard to be grazed over, by sending his cattle to graze in another’s field, he must make restitution with the best produce of his own field or vineyard. 5 If a fire breaks out, catches on to thorn bushes, and consumes shocked grain, standing grain, or the field itself, the one who started the fire must make full restitution.

Trusts and Loans. 6 When someone gives money or articles to another for safekeeping and they are stolen from the latter’s house, the thief, if caught, must make twofold restitution. 7 If the thief is not caught, the owner of the house shall be brought to God,[m] to swear that he himself did not lay hands on his neighbor’s property. 8 In every case of dishonest appropriation, whether it be about an ox, or a donkey, or a sheep, or a garment, or anything else that has disappeared, where another claims that the thing is his, the claim of both parties shall be brought before God; the one whom God convicts must make twofold restitution to the other.

9 When someone gives an ass, or an ox, or a sheep, or any other animal to another for safekeeping, if it dies, or is maimed or snatched away, without anyone witnessing the fact, 10 there shall be an oath before the Lord between the two of them that the guardian did not lay hands on his neighbor’s property; the owner must accept the oath, and no restitution is to be made. 11 But if the guardian has actually stolen from it, then he must make restitution to the owner. 12 If it has been killed by a wild beast, let him bring it as evidence; he need not make restitution for the mangled animal.(J)

13 When someone borrows an animal from a neighbor, if it is maimed or dies while the owner is not present, that one must make restitution. 14 But if the owner is present, that one need not make restitution. If it was hired, this was covered by the price of its hire.

Social Laws. 15 (K)When a man seduces a virgin who is not betrothed, and lies with her, he shall make her his wife by paying the bride price. 16 If her father refuses to give her to him, he must still pay him the bride price for virgins.[n]

17 You shall not let a woman who practices sorcery live.(L)

18 Anyone who lies with an animal shall be put to death.(M)

19 Whoever sacrifices to any god, except to the Lord alone, shall be put under the ban.(N)

20 You shall not oppress or afflict a resident alien, for you were once aliens residing in the land of Egypt.(O) 21 You shall not wrong any widow or orphan. 22 If ever you wrong them and they cry out to me, I will surely listen to their cry. 23 My wrath will flare up, and I will kill you with the sword; then your own wives will be widows, and your children orphans.

24 (P)If you lend money to my people, the poor among you, you must not be like a money lender; you must not demand interest from them. 25 If you take your neighbor’s cloak as a pledge, you shall return it to him before sunset; 26 for this is his only covering; it is the cloak for his body. What will he sleep in? If he cries out to me, I will listen; for I am compassionate.(Q)

27 You shall not despise God,[o] nor curse a leader of your people.(R)

28 You shall not delay the offering of your harvest and your press. You shall give me the firstborn of your sons. 29 You must do the same with your oxen and your sheep; for seven days the firstling may stay with its mother, but on the eighth day you must give it to me.(S)

30 You shall be a people sacred to me. Flesh torn to pieces in the field you shall not eat; you must throw it to the dogs.(T)

Chapter 23

1 You shall not repeat a false report. Do not join your hand with the wicked to be a witness supporting violence.(U) 2 You shall not follow the crowd in doing wrong. When testifying in a lawsuit, you shall not follow the crowd in perverting justice. 3 You shall not favor the poor in a lawsuit.(V)

4 When you come upon your enemy’s ox or donkey going astray, you must see to it that it is returned.(W) 5 When you notice the donkey of one who hates you lying down under its burden, you should not desert him; you must help him with it.

6 You shall not pervert justice for the needy among you in a lawsuit. 7 You shall keep away from anything dishonest. The innocent and the just you shall not put to death, for I will not acquit the guilty. 8 Never take a bribe, for a bribe blinds the clear-sighted and distorts the words of the just.(X) 9 You shall not oppress a resident alien; you well know how it feels to be an alien, since you were once aliens yourselves in the land of Egypt.(Y)

Religious Laws. 10 (Z)For six years you may sow your land and gather in its produce. 11 But the seventh year you shall let the land lie untilled and fallow, that the poor of your people may eat of it and their leftovers the wild animals may eat. So also shall you do in regard to your vineyard and your olive grove.

12 For six days you may do your work, but on the seventh day you must rest,(AA) that your ox and your donkey may have rest, and that the son of your maidservant and the resident alien may be refreshed. 13 Give heed to all that I have told you.

You shall not mention the name of any other god; it shall not be heard from your lips.

14 (AB)Three times a year you shall celebrate a pilgrim feast to me.[p] 15 You shall keep the feast of Unleavened Bread. As I have commanded you, you must eat unleavened bread for seven days at the appointed time in the month of Abib, for it was then that you came out of Egypt. No one shall appear before me[q] empty-handed. 16 You shall also keep the feast of the grain harvest with the first fruits of the crop that you sow in the field; and finally, the feast of Ingathering at the end of the year, when you collect your produce from the fields. 17 Three times a year shall all your men appear before the Lord God.

18 You shall not offer the blood of my sacrifice with anything leavened;(AC) nor shall the fat of my feast be kept overnight till the next day. 19 The choicest first fruits of your soil you shall bring to the house of the Lord, your God.

You shall not boil a young goat in its mother’s milk.[r]

Reward of Fidelity. 20 See, I am sending an angel(AD) before you, to guard you on the way and bring you to the place I have prepared. 21 Be attentive to him and obey him. Do not rebel against him, for he will not forgive your sin. My authority is within him.[s] 22 If you obey him and carry out all I tell you, I will be an enemy to your enemies and a foe to your foes.

23 My angel will go before you and bring you to the Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, Canaanites, Hivites and Jebusites; and I will wipe them out. 24 Therefore, you shall not bow down to their gods and serve them, nor shall you act as they do; rather, you must demolish them and smash their sacred stones.[t](AE) 25 You shall serve the Lord, your God; then he will bless your food and drink, and I will remove sickness from your midst; 26 no woman in your land will be barren or miscarry; and I will give you a full span of life.

27 I will have the terror of me precede you, so that I will throw into panic every nation you reach.(AF) I will make all your enemies turn from you in flight, 28 and ahead of you I will send hornets[u] to drive the Hivites, Canaanites and Hittites out of your way. 29 But I will not drive them all out before you in one year, lest the land become desolate and the wild animals multiply against you. 30 Little by little I will drive them out before you, until you have grown numerous enough to take possession of the land. 31 (AG)I will set your boundaries from the Red Sea to the sea of the Philistines,[v] and from the wilderness to the Euphrates; all who dwell in this land I will hand over to you and you shall drive them out before you. 32 You shall not make a covenant with them or their gods. 33 They must not live in your land. For if you serve their gods, this will become a snare to you.(AH)

Footnotes

  1. 20:22–23:33 This collection consists of the civil and religious laws, both apodictic (absolute) and casuistic (conditional), which were given to the people through the mediation of Moses. They will be written down by Moses in 24:4.
  2. 20:24 Where I cause my name to be invoked: i.e., at the sacred site where God wishes to be worshiped. Dt 12 will demand the centralization of all sacrificial worship in one place chosen by God.
  3. 21:1 Ordinances: judicial precedents to be used in settling questions of law and custom. More than half of the civil and religious laws in this collection (20:22–23:33), designated in 24:7 as “the book of the covenant,” have parallels in the cuneiform laws of the ancient Near East. It is clear that Israel participated in a common legal culture with its neighbors.
  4. 21:2 Slave: an Israelite could become a slave of another Israelite as a means of paying a debt, or an Israelite could be born into slavery due to a parent’s status as a slave. Here a time limit is prescribed for such slavery; other stipulations (vv. 20–21, 26–27) tried to reduce the evils of slavery, but slavery itself is not condemned in the Old Testament.
  5. 21:6 To God: the ritual of the piercing of the slave’s ear, which signified a lifetime commitment to the master, probably took place at the door of the household, where God as protector of the household was called upon as a witness. Another possible location for the ritual would have been the door of the sanctuary, where God or judges would have witnessed the slave’s promise of lifetime obedience to his master.
  6. 21:8 Designated her: intended her as a wife of second rank.
  7. 21:12–14 Unintentional homicide is to be punished differently from premeditated, deliberate murder. One who kills unintentionally can seek asylum by grasping the horns of the altar at the local sanctuary. In later Israelite history, when worship was centralized in Jerusalem, cities throughout the realm were designated as places of refuge. Apparently the leaders of the local community were to determine whether or not the homicide was intentional.
  8. 21:15 The verb used most often signifies a violent, sometimes deadly, attack. The severe penalty assigned is intended to safeguard the integrity of the family.
  9. 21:17 Curses: not merely an angrily uttered expletive at one’s parents, but a solemn juridical formula of justifiable retribution which was considered to be legally binding and guaranteed by God.
  10. 21:22–25 This law of talion is applied here in the specific case of a pregnant woman who, as an innocent bystander, is injured by two fighting men. The law of talion is not held up as a general principle to be applied throughout the book of the covenant. (But see note on Lv 24:19–20.) Here this principle of rigorous accountability aimed to prevent injury to a woman about to give birth by apparently requiring the assailant to have his own wife injured as she was about to bring new life into his family. However, it is debatable whether talion was ever understood or applied literally in Israel. In his Sermon on the Mount, Jesus challenges his audience to find a deeper form of justice than the supposed equilibrium offered by talion (Mt 5:38–40).
  11. 21:30 Ransom: the amount of money or material goods required to restore the relationship between the relatives of the victim and the negligent owner of the goring ox.
  12. 22:1–2 If a thief is caught: this seems to be a fragment of what was once a longer law on housebreaking, which has been inserted here into the middle of a law on stealing animals. At night the householder would be justified in killing a burglar outright, but not so in the daytime, when the burglar could more easily be caught alive. He must make full restitution: this stood originally immediately after 21:37.
  13. 22:7 Brought to God: either within the household or at the sanctuary, the owner of the house is required to take an oath before God.
  14. 22:16 The bride price for virgins: fifty shekels according to Dt 22:29.
  15. 22:27 Despise God: a turning away from God’s authority and so failing to honor God (cf. 1 Sm 2:30).
  16. 23:14 These three feasts—Passover/Unleavened Bread, Weeks (Pentecost), and Booths (Tabernacles or Succoth/Sukkoth)—are also listed in 34:18–26; Lv 23; Dt 16.
  17. 23:15 Appear before me: the original expression was “see my face”; so also in several other places, as 23:17; 34:23–24; Dt 16:16; 31:11.
  18. 23:19 Boil a young goat in its mother’s milk: this command, repeated in 34:26 and Dt 14:21, is difficult to understand. It may originate from a taboo that forbade killing the young that were still nursing from the mother, or that forbade the mixing of life and death: the slaughtered young goat with the milk that previously had nourished its life. The Jewish dietary custom of keeping meat and dairy products separate is based on this command.
  19. 23:21 My authority is within him: lit., “My name is within him.”
  20. 23:24 Sacred stones: objects that symbolized the presence of Canaanite deities. In general, standing stones served as memorials for deities, persons, or significant events such as military victories or covenant-making. See 24:4.
  21. 23:28 Hornets: the Hebrew sir’ah is a disputed term, but according to ancient interpreters it refers to hornets that were unleashed against the enemy to sting them and cause panic (cf. Dt 7:20; Jos 24:12; Wis 12:8). Others associate the word with plagues or troublesome afflictions.
  22. 23:31 The sea of the Philistines: the Mediterranean. Only in the time of David and Solomon did the territory of Israel come near to reaching such distant borders.
Listen to Exodus 20:22-23:33
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Exodus 20:22-23:33
New International Version

Idols and Altars

22 Then the Lord said to Moses, “Tell the Israelites this: ‘You have seen for yourselves that I have spoken to you from heaven:(A) 23 Do not make any gods to be alongside me;(B) do not make for yourselves gods of silver or gods of gold.(C)

24 “‘Make an altar(D) of earth for me and sacrifice on it your burnt offerings(E) and fellowship offerings, your sheep and goats and your cattle. Wherever I cause my name(F) to be honored, I will come to you and bless(G) you. 25 If you make an altar of stones for me, do not build it with dressed stones, for you will defile it if you use a tool(H) on it. 26 And do not go up to my altar on steps, or your private parts(I) may be exposed.’

21 “These are the laws(J) you are to set before them:

Hebrew Servants(K)(L)

2 “If you buy a Hebrew servant,(M) he is to serve you for six years. But in the seventh year, he shall go free,(N) without paying anything. 3 If he comes alone, he is to go free alone; but if he has a wife when he comes, she is to go with him. 4 If his master gives him a wife and she bears him sons or daughters, the woman and her children shall belong to her master, and only the man shall go free.

5 “But if the servant declares, ‘I love my master and my wife and children and do not want to go free,’(O) 6 then his master must take him before the judges.[a](P) He shall take him to the door or the doorpost and pierce(Q) his ear with an awl. Then he will be his servant for life.(R)

7 “If a man sells his daughter as a servant, she is not to go free as male servants do. 8 If she does not please the master who has selected her for himself,[b] he must let her be redeemed. He has no right to sell her to foreigners, because he has broken faith with her. 9 If he selects her for his son, he must grant her the rights of a daughter. 10 If he marries another woman, he must not deprive the first one of her food, clothing and marital rights.(S) 11 If he does not provide her with these three things, she is to go free, without any payment of money.

Personal Injuries

12 “Anyone who strikes a person with a fatal blow is to be put to death.(T) 13 However, if it is not done intentionally, but God lets it happen, they are to flee to a place(U) I will designate. 14 But if anyone schemes and kills someone deliberately,(V) that person is to be taken from my altar and put to death.(W)

15 “Anyone who attacks[c] their father or mother is to be put to death.

16 “Anyone who kidnaps someone is to be put to death,(X) whether the victim has been sold(Y) or is still in the kidnapper’s possession.

17 “Anyone who curses their father or mother is to be put to death.(Z)

18 “If people quarrel and one person hits another with a stone or with their fist[d] and the victim does not die but is confined to bed, 19 the one who struck the blow will not be held liable if the other can get up and walk around outside with a staff; however, the guilty party must pay the injured person for any loss of time and see that the victim is completely healed.

20 “Anyone who beats their male or female slave with a rod must be punished if the slave dies as a direct result, 21 but they are not to be punished if the slave recovers after a day or two, since the slave is their property.(AA)

22 “If people are fighting and hit a pregnant woman and she gives birth prematurely[e] but there is no serious injury, the offender must be fined whatever the woman’s husband demands(AB) and the court allows. 23 But if there is serious injury, you are to take life for life,(AC) 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth,(AD) hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burn for burn, wound for wound, bruise for bruise.

26 “An owner who hits a male or female slave in the eye and destroys it must let the slave go free to compensate for the eye. 27 And an owner who knocks out the tooth of a male or female slave must let the slave go free to compensate for the tooth.

28 “If a bull gores a man or woman to death, the bull is to be stoned to death,(AE) and its meat must not be eaten. But the owner of the bull will not be held responsible. 29 If, however, the bull has had the habit of goring and the owner has been warned but has not kept it penned up(AF) and it kills a man or woman, the bull is to be stoned and its owner also is to be put to death. 30 However, if payment is demanded, the owner may redeem his life by the payment of whatever is demanded.(AG) 31 This law also applies if the bull gores a son or daughter. 32 If the bull gores a male or female slave, the owner must pay thirty shekels[f](AH) of silver to the master of the slave, and the bull is to be stoned to death.

33 “If anyone uncovers a pit(AI) or digs one and fails to cover it and an ox or a donkey falls into it, 34 the one who opened the pit must pay the owner for the loss and take the dead animal in exchange.

35 “If anyone’s bull injures someone else’s bull and it dies, the two parties are to sell the live one and divide both the money and the dead animal equally. 36 However, if it was known that the bull had the habit of goring, yet the owner did not keep it penned up,(AJ) the owner must pay, animal for animal, and take the dead animal in exchange.

Protection of Property

22 [g]“Whoever steals an ox or a sheep and slaughters it or sells it must pay back(AK) five head of cattle for the ox and four sheep for the sheep.

2 “If a thief is caught breaking in(AL) at night and is struck a fatal blow, the defender is not guilty of bloodshed;(AM) 3 but if it happens after sunrise, the defender is guilty of bloodshed.

“Anyone who steals must certainly make restitution,(AN) but if they have nothing, they must be sold(AO) to pay for their theft. 4 If the stolen animal is found alive in their possession(AP)—whether ox or donkey or sheep—they must pay back double.(AQ)

5 “If anyone grazes their livestock in a field or vineyard and lets them stray and they graze in someone else’s field, the offender must make restitution(AR) from the best of their own field or vineyard.

6 “If a fire breaks out and spreads into thornbushes so that it burns shocks(AS) of grain or standing grain or the whole field, the one who started the fire must make restitution.(AT)

7 “If anyone gives a neighbor silver or goods for safekeeping(AU) and they are stolen from the neighbor’s house, the thief, if caught, must pay back double.(AV) 8 But if the thief is not found, the owner of the house must appear before the judges,(AW) and they must[h] determine whether the owner of the house has laid hands on the other person’s property. 9 In all cases of illegal possession of an ox, a donkey, a sheep, a garment, or any other lost property about which somebody says, ‘This is mine,’ both parties are to bring their cases before the judges.[i](AX) The one whom the judges declare[j] guilty must pay back double to the other.

10 “If anyone gives a donkey, an ox, a sheep or any other animal to their neighbor for safekeeping(AY) and it dies or is injured or is taken away while no one is looking, 11 the issue between them will be settled by the taking of an oath(AZ) before the Lord that the neighbor did not lay hands on the other person’s property. The owner is to accept this, and no restitution is required. 12 But if the animal was stolen from the neighbor, restitution(BA) must be made to the owner. 13 If it was torn to pieces by a wild animal, the neighbor shall bring in the remains as evidence and shall not be required to pay for the torn animal.(BB)

14 “If anyone borrows an animal from their neighbor and it is injured or dies while the owner is not present, they must make restitution.(BC) 15 But if the owner is with the animal, the borrower will not have to pay. If the animal was hired, the money paid for the hire covers the loss.(BD)

Social Responsibility

16 “If a man seduces a virgin(BE) who is not pledged to be married and sleeps with her, he must pay the bride-price,(BF) and she shall be his wife. 17 If her father absolutely refuses to give her to him, he must still pay the bride-price for virgins.

18 “Do not allow a sorceress(BG) to live.

19 “Anyone who has sexual relations with an animal(BH) is to be put to death.

20 “Whoever sacrifices to any god(BI) other than the Lord must be destroyed.[k](BJ)

21 “Do not mistreat or oppress a foreigner,(BK) for you were foreigners(BL) in Egypt.

22 “Do not take advantage of the widow or the fatherless.(BM) 23 If you do and they cry out(BN) to me, I will certainly hear their cry.(BO) 24 My anger will be aroused, and I will kill you with the sword; your wives will become widows and your children fatherless.(BP)

25 “If you lend money to one of my people among you who is needy, do not treat it like a business deal; charge no interest.(BQ) 26 If you take your neighbor’s cloak as a pledge,(BR) return it by sunset, 27 because that cloak is the only covering your neighbor has. What else can they sleep in?(BS) When they cry out to me, I will hear, for I am compassionate.(BT)

28 “Do not blaspheme God[l](BU) or curse(BV) the ruler of your people.(BW)

29 “Do not hold back offerings(BX) from your granaries or your vats.[m]

“You must give me the firstborn of your sons.(BY) 30 Do the same with your cattle and your sheep.(BZ) Let them stay with their mothers for seven days, but give them to me on the eighth day.(CA)

31 “You are to be my holy people.(CB) So do not eat the meat of an animal torn by wild beasts;(CC) throw it to the dogs.

Laws of Justice and Mercy

23 “Do not spread false reports.(CD) Do not help a guilty person by being a malicious witness.(CE)

2 “Do not follow the crowd in doing wrong. When you give testimony in a lawsuit, do not pervert justice(CF) by siding with the crowd,(CG) 3 and do not show favoritism(CH) to a poor person in a lawsuit.

4 “If you come across your enemy’s(CI) ox or donkey wandering off, be sure to return it.(CJ) 5 If you see the donkey(CK) of someone who hates you fallen down under its load, do not leave it there; be sure you help them with it.

6 “Do not deny justice(CL) to your poor people in their lawsuits. 7 Have nothing to do with a false charge(CM) and do not put an innocent(CN) or honest person to death,(CO) for I will not acquit the guilty.(CP)

8 “Do not accept a bribe,(CQ) for a bribe blinds those who see and twists the words of the innocent.

9 “Do not oppress a foreigner;(CR) you yourselves know how it feels to be foreigners, because you were foreigners in Egypt.

Sabbath Laws

10 “For six years you are to sow your fields and harvest the crops, 11 but during the seventh year let the land lie unplowed and unused.(CS) Then the poor among your people may get food from it, and the wild animals may eat what is left. Do the same with your vineyard and your olive grove.

12 “Six days do your work,(CT) but on the seventh day do not work, so that your ox and your donkey may rest, and so that the slave born in your household and the foreigner living among you may be refreshed.(CU)

13 “Be careful(CV) to do everything I have said to you. Do not invoke the names of other gods;(CW) do not let them be heard on your lips.(CX)

The Three Annual Festivals

14 “Three times(CY) a year you are to celebrate a festival to me.

15 “Celebrate the Festival of Unleavened Bread;(CZ) for seven days eat bread made without yeast, as I commanded you. Do this at the appointed time in the month of Aviv,(DA) for in that month you came out of Egypt.

“No one is to appear before me empty-handed.(DB)

16 “Celebrate the Festival of Harvest(DC) with the firstfruits(DD) of the crops you sow in your field.

“Celebrate the Festival of Ingathering(DE) at the end of the year, when you gather in your crops from the field.(DF)

17 “Three times(DG) a year all the men are to appear before the Sovereign Lord.

18 “Do not offer the blood of a sacrifice to me along with anything containing yeast.(DH)

“The fat of my festival offerings must not be kept until morning.(DI)

19 “Bring the best of the firstfruits(DJ) of your soil to the house of the Lord your God.

“Do not cook a young goat in its mother’s milk.(DK)

God’s Angel to Prepare the Way

20 “See, I am sending an angel(DL) ahead of you to guard you along the way and to bring you to the place I have prepared.(DM) 21 Pay attention to him and listen(DN) to what he says. Do not rebel against him; he will not forgive(DO) your rebellion,(DP) since my Name(DQ) is in him. 22 If you listen carefully to what he says and do(DR) all that I say, I will be an enemy(DS) to your enemies and will oppose those who oppose you. 23 My angel will go ahead of you and bring you into the land of the Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, Canaanites, Hivites and Jebusites,(DT) and I will wipe them out. 24 Do not bow down before their gods or worship(DU) them or follow their practices.(DV) You must demolish(DW) them and break their sacred stones(DX) to pieces. 25 Worship the Lord your God,(DY) and his blessing(DZ) will be on your food and water. I will take away sickness(EA) from among you, 26 and none will miscarry or be barren(EB) in your land. I will give you a full life span.(EC)

27 “I will send my terror(ED) ahead of you and throw into confusion(EE) every nation you encounter. I will make all your enemies turn their backs and run.(EF) 28 I will send the hornet(EG) ahead of you to drive the Hivites, Canaanites and Hittites(EH) out of your way. 29 But I will not drive them out in a single year, because the land would become desolate and the wild animals(EI) too numerous for you. 30 Little by little I will drive them out before you, until you have increased enough to take possession(EJ) of the land.

31 “I will establish your borders from the Red Sea[n] to the Mediterranean Sea,[o] and from the desert to the Euphrates River.(EK) I will give into your hands the people who live in the land, and you will drive them out(EL) before you. 32 Do not make a covenant(EM) with them or with their gods. 33 Do not let them live in your land or they will cause you to sin against me, because the worship of their gods will certainly be a snare(EN) to you.”

Footnotes

  1. Exodus 21:6 Or before God
  2. Exodus 21:8 Or master so that he does not choose her
  3. Exodus 21:15 Or kills
  4. Exodus 21:18 Or with a tool
  5. Exodus 21:22 Or she has a miscarriage
  6. Exodus 21:32 That is, about 12 ounces or about 345 grams
  7. Exodus 22:1 In Hebrew texts 22:1 is numbered 21:37, and 22:2-31 is numbered 22:1-30.
  8. Exodus 22:8 Or before God, and he will
  9. Exodus 22:9 Or before God
  10. Exodus 22:9 Or whom God declares
  11. Exodus 22:20 The Hebrew term refers to the irrevocable giving over of things or persons to the Lord, often by totally destroying them.
  12. Exodus 22:28 Or Do not revile the judges
  13. Exodus 22:29 The meaning of the Hebrew for this phrase is uncertain.
  14. Exodus 23:31 Or the Sea of Reeds
  15. Exodus 23:31 Hebrew to the Sea of the Philistines
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Exodus 19
Exodus 24
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