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13 So the Egyptians reduced the Israelites to cruel slavery, 14 making life bitter for them with hard labor, at mortar[a] and brick and all kinds of field work—cruelly oppressed in all their labor.

Command to the Midwives. 15 The king of Egypt told the Hebrew midwives, one of whom was called Shiphrah and the other Puah,

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Footnotes

  1. 1:14 Mortar: either the wet clay with which the bricks were made, as in Na 3:14, or the cement used between the bricks in building, as in Gn 11:3.

13 and worked them ruthlessly.(A) 14 They made their lives bitter with harsh labor(B) in brick(C) and mortar and with all kinds of work in the fields; in all their harsh labor the Egyptians worked them ruthlessly.(D)

15 The king of Egypt said to the Hebrew midwives,(E) whose names were Shiphrah and Puah,

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