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then the Lord God formed the man[a] out of the dust of the ground and blew into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being.(A)

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Footnotes

  1. 2:7 God is portrayed as a potter molding the human body out of earth. There is a play on words in Hebrew between ’adam (“human being,” “man”) and ’adama (“ground”). It is not enough to make the body from earth; God must also breathe into the man’s nostrils. A similar picture of divine breath imparted to human beings in order for them to live is found in Ez 37:5, 9–10; Jn 20:22. The Israelites did not think in the (Greek) categories of body and soul.

Oh, remember that you fashioned me from clay!(A)
    Will you then bring me down to dust again?

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15 All flesh would perish together,
    and mortals return to dust.(A)

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You turn humanity back into dust,[a]
    saying, “Return, you children of Adam!”(A)

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Footnotes

  1. 90:3 Dust: one word of God is enough to return mortals to the dust from which they were created. Human beings were created from earth in Gn 2:7; 3:19.

14 For he knows how we are formed,
    remembers that we are dust.(A)

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20 (A)Both go to the same place; both were made from the dust, and to the dust they both return.

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And the dust returns to the earth as it once was,
    and the life breath returns to God who gave it.[a](A)

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Footnotes

  1. 12:7 Death is portrayed in terms of the description of creation in Gn 2:7; the body corrupts in the grave, and the life breath (lit., “spirit”), or gift of life, returns to God who had breathed upon what he had formed.

[a]With misspent toil he molds a meaningless god from the selfsame clay,
    though he himself shortly before was made from the earth,
And is soon to go whence he was taken,
    when the life that was lent him is demanded back.(A)

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Footnotes

  1. 15:8–9 The author matches the irony of his words about the carpenter in 13:15–19 with this description of the potter’s vain work.

Why are dust and ashes proud?[a]
    Even during life the body decays.

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Footnotes

  1. 10:9–10 The general implication is that a slight illness today may be followed by death tomorrow. The uncertainty of life leaves no room for pride.

A limited number of days he gave them,(A)
    but granted them authority over everything on earth.

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Humanity’s Sin Through Adam. 12 [a]Therefore, just as through one person sin entered the world,(A) and through sin, death, and thus death came to all, inasmuch as all sinned[b]

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Footnotes

  1. 5:12–21 Paul reflects on the sin of Adam (Gn 3:1–13) in the light of the redemptive mystery of Christ. Sin, as used in the singular by Paul, refers to the dreadful power that has gripped humanity, which is now in revolt against the Creator and engaged in the exaltation of its own desires and interests. But no one has a right to say, “Adam made me do it,” for all are culpable (Rom 5:12): Gentiles under the demands of the law written in their hearts (Rom 2:14–15), and Jews under the Mosaic covenant. Through the Old Testament law, the sinfulness of humanity that was operative from the beginning (Rom 5:13) found further stimulation, with the result that sins were generated in even greater abundance. According to Rom 5:15–21, God’s act in Christ is in total contrast to the disastrous effects of the virus of sin that invaded humanity through Adam’s crime.
  2. 5:12 Inasmuch as all sinned: others translate “because all sinned,” and understand Rom 5:13 as a parenthetical remark. Unlike Wis 2:24, Paul does not ascribe the entry of death to the devil.

21 [a]For since death came through a human being, the resurrection of the dead came also through a human being.

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Footnotes

  1. 15:21–22 Our human existence, both natural and supernatural, is corporate, involves solidarity. In Adam…in Christ: the Hebrew word ’ādām in Genesis is both a common noun for mankind and a proper noun for the first man. Paul here presents Adam as at least a literary type of Christ; the parallelism and contrast between them will be developed further in 1 Cor 15:45–49 and in Rom 5:12–21.

27 Just as it is appointed that human beings die once, and after this the judgment,(A)

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