Footnotes

1. Isaiah 34:5 tn The words “he says” are supplied in the translation for clarification. The Lord speaks at this point.
2. Isaiah 34:5 tn Heb “indeed [or “for”] my sword is drenched in the heavens.” The Qumran scroll 1QIsa^a has תראה (“[my sword] appeared [in the heavens]”), but this is apparently an attempt to make sense out of a difficult metaphor. Cf. NIV “My sword has drunk its fill in the heavens.”sn In v. 4 the “host of the heaven” refers to the heavenly luminaries (stars and planets, see, among others, Deut 4:19; 17:3; 2 Kgs 17:16; 21:3, 5; 23:4-5; 2 Chr 33:3, 5) that populate the divine/heavenly assembly in mythological and prescientific Israelite thought (see Job 38:7; Isa 14:13). As in 24:21, they are viewed here as opposing God and being defeated in battle.
3. Isaiah 34:5 sn Edom is mentioned here as epitomizing the hostile nations that oppose God.
4. Isaiah 34:6 tn The verb is a rare Hotpaal passive form. See GKC 150 §54.h.
5. Isaiah 34:6 tn The words “it drips” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
6. Isaiah 34:6 tn The words “and is covered” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
7. Isaiah 34:6 tn Heb “for there is a sacrifice to the Lord.”
8. Isaiah 34:6 sn The Lord’s judgment of Edom is compared to a bloody sacrificial scene.
9. Isaiah 34:6 tn Heb “great” (so KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV).
10. Isaiah 34:7 tn Heb “will go down”; NAB “shall be struck down.”
11. Isaiah 34:7 tn Heb “and bulls along with strong ones.” Perhaps this refers to the leaders.