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“To the angel of the church in Smyrna,[a] write this:

“‘The first and the last, who once died but came to life, says this:

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Footnotes

  1. 2:8 Smyrna: modern Izmir, ca. thirty miles north of Ephesus, and the chief city of Lydia, with a temple to the goddess Roma. It was renowned for its loyalty to Rome, and it also had a large Jewish community very hostile toward Christians.